tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-50719292274782659702024-02-21T02:12:16.494+05:30Native TestingBlog about basics of Software testing methods and techniques.Schematic representation has been given to understand the concepts easily.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.comBlogger17125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-3219775076433222892013-06-08T13:35:00.000+05:302013-06-08T13:55:45.702+05:30Defect Management<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Once the testing activity is over
we will record all the discrepancies and errors identified during the test run.
These observations are documented and sent for corrections or fixes. The errors
identified are called as defects or bugs. The testing team will log those
errors after completing the test cycle and they will categorise the Priority
and Criticality of the defects. After this the defects are monitored till it is
being fixed by the development team. This process of checking the defect till
it gets closed is called defect management.</div>
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The Key aspect of the defect
management process is that to keep track on the bugs identified and ensure they
are closed before the software is released. The defects logged are allocated
with a specific time period to fix it called as Defect Life Time or it can be
cut off time for the development team. The defects reported are closely
monitored by the testing team and updates on them will be shared to the
management team regarding the status. A typical Defect Life cycle in the image.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1W__qh0L8PBNUM8ZS1nece0If0aJzNHIYL34rYElm78TWjfgzWwjOhXj9ttml-k0YXSsMAZ8d9i32WjEEc4bPRE4B_48rSPJTRaK80UCoX2SPVhOufWewrfm-BNM_xaBf6wwgKl5HLyI/s1600/Untitled-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1W__qh0L8PBNUM8ZS1nece0If0aJzNHIYL34rYElm78TWjfgzWwjOhXj9ttml-k0YXSsMAZ8d9i32WjEEc4bPRE4B_48rSPJTRaK80UCoX2SPVhOufWewrfm-BNM_xaBf6wwgKl5HLyI/s1600/Untitled-1.jpg" title="defect cycle" /></a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-56395700176584481272013-06-08T10:48:00.003+05:302013-06-08T13:55:10.383+05:30Test Management<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
We have studied various testing concepts in the previous posts but the post is particularly about how an entire testing activity is being managed. Here the various activities from Requirement gathering till Release all the activities are monitored and the various changes or improvisations are documented. The test management is shown in the picture below.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEmN9A0vg61GrrKFXnIAvNnXVE8Tl0Tpjyr3za9aUNbVyhCICdXnjShkb5XQJh0HjlJM-y7fKStPaK7paHepwecsdTP8XGUJY5RatDvWAopDLOckSKKRB70pSijU6Wt772i6tkbBMcMNo/s1600/Untitled-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEmN9A0vg61GrrKFXnIAvNnXVE8Tl0Tpjyr3za9aUNbVyhCICdXnjShkb5XQJh0HjlJM-y7fKStPaK7paHepwecsdTP8XGUJY5RatDvWAopDLOckSKKRB70pSijU6Wt772i6tkbBMcMNo/s640/Untitled-2.jpg" title="test management" width="640" /></a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-25206762746875228252013-06-08T10:37:00.000+05:302013-06-08T14:05:02.563+05:30User Acceptance Test<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
After all the levels of testing is completed, the last and final testing
level is User Acceptance Testing(UAT). It is done by the user or the client who
is going to use the system as the end user. User acceptance testing process
helps to identify the practical defects which were not identified during other
phases of testing. Here the testing is carried out in terms of the practical
approach without considering the technical specification of the software. </div>
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Lets
assume a mobile based application is under UAT here the end user will be asked
to test the app. The end user may not be a technical expert about the app but
he has some need to use that app. So he will test the app as per his needs without
considering technical specifications of it. He will use the app in a manner to
help him in resolving his problem or satisfying his needs. Testing team can
help him to understand how to operate the system or with the basic operations
of the system. </div>
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UAT can be done in two ways first being Alpha Testing, inviting
the customer to our location and asking to test the software in a simulated
environment which resembles the actual environment. Guidelines will be given to
the customer about handling the software and it will be tested. Second is
providing an evaluation copy of the software to the customer and asking him to
test it in his own location, i.e, a beta version will be released and then the
software will be used by the end users and the defects identified will be
notified to the corresponding development team and it will rectified. This method
is called beta testing.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-3280812262257606562013-03-27T11:21:00.003+05:302013-06-08T13:56:28.599+05:30Test Strategy Vs Test Plan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Test Strategy:</div>
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It is a company level document and developed by QA category
people like Quality Controller. This document defines "Testing
Approach" to achieve testing objective. Test strategy is the freezed part
of SRS from which we get Test Policy and Test Strategy.</div>
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<br /></div>
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1. Scope and objective</div>
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2. Business issues</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. Roles and responsibilities</div>
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4. Communication and status reporting</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5. Test deliverability</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6. Test approach</div>
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7. Test automation and tools</div>
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8. Testing measurements and metrics</div>
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9. Risks and mitigation</div>
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10. Defect reporting and tracking</div>
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11. Change and configuration management</div>
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12. Training plan</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Test Plan:</div>
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test plan document in term of what to test, how to test, who to test, and when
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Plan.</div>
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Components are as follows:</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. Test Plan id</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. Introduction</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. Test items</div>
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4. Features to be tested</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5. Features not to be tested</div>
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6. Approach</div>
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7. Testing tasks</div>
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8. Suspension criteria</div>
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9. Features pass or fail criteria</div>
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10. Test environment (Entry criteria, Exit criteria)</div>
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11. Test deliverables</div>
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12. Staff and training needs</div>
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13. Responsibilities</div>
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14. Schedule</div>
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15. Risk and mitigation</div>
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<br /></div>
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This is one of the standard approaches to prepare test plan
document, but things can vary company-to-company</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-53522463163233181992013-01-16T16:19:00.000+05:302013-06-08T13:54:19.314+05:30Process of Deriving Test Cases<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A
test case is nothing but the inputs which are given to the program or software
to test its capabilities and operations. Here our intention is to find if the
software meets the specifications given by the customer. Test case should be
derived effectively in order to find defects in the system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Let’s
discuss the process of deriving test cases for given program for both
functional and structural testing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Before
identifying the test cases as a tester you should be through with functionality
and the specifications of the software under test. And the test cases derived
should test the system in terms identifying the defects. The test cases should
be derived for the functions which the system should not work i.e negative test
cases.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Read
A,B</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If
A>B then</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Print
“A is greater”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Else</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Print
“B is greater”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">End</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Now
from the program we can identify that the function of the program is to find
greatest of two numbers. Let’s try and find out the required test cases for the
program.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">With
the known details the program will identify the greatest of two numbers and
will produce any one of the results “A is greater” or “B is greater”. So the
inputs which will make the program to give the result are A=10 and B=100 for “B
is greater” and A=100 and B=10 for “A is greater”. Hence we have identified
test cases for the actual or expected output.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Now
let’s think this way, What if both I/P have same values? And what should the
program do at this state? This type thinking is actually required for the
testers to derive effective test cases. This method of identifying test cases
that are opposite to the function is called negative cases or negative testing.
In this case if both I/P are same the program is not coded to produce any error
pop up or warning. Which means my application will crash or will not produce
any result. Another possibility is that the I/P given can be any value apart
from numbers, but this is extreme case and this can also happen.</span></div>
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summarizing the various Test cases in a template as follows,</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtx_5bvzFzWK-4yzSS78V2uxPLgf8tEIpWE9OiQTv0bJw9NmpOh2gX843T2UIQwMhuYesNQ_fIctEhgNE8bmX1w5rBHefebrQFnP1G8SeLMkwDjkoZyE51B2JbX_5JxMESduKr-IPX4Gc/s1600/Test-case.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtx_5bvzFzWK-4yzSS78V2uxPLgf8tEIpWE9OiQTv0bJw9NmpOh2gX843T2UIQwMhuYesNQ_fIctEhgNE8bmX1w5rBHefebrQFnP1G8SeLMkwDjkoZyE51B2JbX_5JxMESduKr-IPX4Gc/s640/Test-case.jpg" title="testcase template" width="640" /></a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-1670154166137917442013-01-16T16:16:00.001+05:302013-01-16T16:29:51.260+05:30 Ad-hoc testing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We have lot of other testing
formats and techniques but adding to that we have another technique called the
Ad-hoc testing. Most of us have heard of the word ad-hoc, but how it is related
to testing?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ad-hoc testing is not like
other formal testing its totally an informal technique where the sequence of
activities followed in other testing method is not followed correctly. Also It
does not use any formal techniques to design test cases such as BVA,
Equivalence Partitioning etc.,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After a number of planned test
cases are executed, a rough testing will be done to check if the system or the
software is working as per the functions and all specifications are met. Here
the system will be operated without any SRS document and Functional
specifications. It’s more of a new person perspective in terms of using the software.
The testing process of testing a system without any formal procedure can be
termed as ad hoc testing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This
method is applicable for all phases of testing. Very useful in finding defects
that got missed at various levels of testing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Various
methods are followed to do Ad-hoc testing such as,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Buddy
Testing</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pair
Testing</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Defect
Seeding</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Exploratory
Testing</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Buddy Testing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A
developer and Tester are formed as buddies so that they can help each other
mutually working a single aim of finding the defects.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Here
the developer helps the tester to know how the program or the unit works so
that he can do tests effectively in the mean time the defects can be rectified
then and there without any delay. Usually buddy testing is normally done at the
unit test phase where the testing and coding activity are done together.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pair Testing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In
this approach two testers will work as a team and will help each other in terms
of their own views and ideas. Here lot of knowledge sharing and experience
sharing will happen in order to test the application effectively. It is most
likely that helping out each other with their own ideologies this will result
in uncovering of defects which were not identified in the past during other
test techniques.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Defect Seeding</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This
method is like playing hide and seek with defects. One group of the project
will inject the defects into the program and another team will try to uncover
it and rectify it. The concept behind this is that the injected defects may
help to identify the unidentified defects.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Exploratory testing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This
we have covered in detail in the other chapter.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-31425840383008023662013-01-16T16:14:00.003+05:302013-01-16T16:30:13.821+05:30Exploratory testing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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planning involves the creation of a test charter, a short declaration of the
scope of a short (1 to 2 hour) time-boxed test effort, the objectives and
possible approaches to be used. The test design and test execution activities
are performed in parallel typically without formally documenting the test
conditions, test cases or test scripts. This does not mean that other, more
formal testing techniques will not be used. For example, the tester may decide
to use boundary value analysis but will think through and test the most
important boundary values without necessarily writing them down. Some notes
will be written during the exploratory-testing session, so that a report can be
produced afterwards.</span></div>
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test execution is performed, documenting the key aspects of what is tested, any
defects found and any thoughts about possible further resting. A key aspect of
exploratory testing is learning: learning by the tester about the software, its
use, its strengths and its weaknesses. As its name implies, exploratory testing
is about exploring, finding out about the software, what it does, what it
doesn't do, what works and what doesn't work. The tester is constantly</span></div>
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test next and where to spend the (limited) time. This is an approach that is
most useful when there are no or poor specifications and when time is severely
limited. It can also serve to complement other, more formal testing, helping to
establish greater confidence in the software. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In<b> </b></span>this way, exploratory testing can be used as a check on
the formal test process by helping to ensure that the most serious defects have
been found.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-35554375163013783142013-01-16T16:14:00.000+05:302013-01-16T16:30:44.094+05:30Error Guessing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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be used as a complement to other more formal techniques. The success of error
guessing is very much dependent on the skill of the tester, as good testers
know where the defects are most likely to lurk. Some people seem to be
naturally good at testing and others are good testers because they have a lot
of experience either as a tester or working with a particular system and so are
able to pin-point its weaknesses. This is why an error-guessing approach, used
after more formal techniques have been applied to some extent, can be very
effective. In using more formal techniques, the tester is likely to gain a
better understanding of the system, what it does and how it works. With this
better understanding, he or she is likely to be better at guessing ways in
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guessing. The tester is encouraged to think of situations in which the software
may not be able to cope. Typical conditions to try include division by zero,
blank input, empty files and the wrong kind of data (e.g. alphabetic characters
where numeric are required). If anyone ever says of a system or the environment
in which it is to operate 'That could never happen', it might be a good idea to
test that condition, as such assumptions about what will and will not happen in
the live environment are often the cause of failures. A structured approach to
the error-guessing technique is to list possible defects or failures and to
design tests that attempt to produce them. These Defect and failure lists can
be built based on the tester's own experience or that of other people,
available defect and failure data, and from common knowledge about why software
fails.</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-24533255189911447612013-01-16T16:12:00.001+05:302013-06-08T13:53:40.627+05:30Whitebox testing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJh4RoLDcfRdWH8uSY308shr8wCAJlOiqOZvZcRmmpJjb62-KthZurug_EvWyHM5ABBdES04_4u7odChmLwu6I1e5yZmkBzdgfCdYzZrmQst6kKmNFrdXT9QxNKavvK15SH6_NfTPgBVY/s1600/Whitebox.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="107" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJh4RoLDcfRdWH8uSY308shr8wCAJlOiqOZvZcRmmpJjb62-KthZurug_EvWyHM5ABBdES04_4u7odChmLwu6I1e5yZmkBzdgfCdYzZrmQst6kKmNFrdXT9QxNKavvK15SH6_NfTPgBVY/s400/Whitebox.jpg" title="whitebox" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Structure-based test design
techniques </span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">are
a good way of generating additional test cases that are different from existing
tests. They can help ensure more breadth of testing, in the sense that test
cases that achieve 100% <b>coverage </b>in any measure will be exercising all
parts of the software from the point of view of the items being covered.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Structure-based techniques
serve two purposes: test coverage measurement and structural test case design.
They are often used first to assess the amount of testing performed by tests derived
from specification-based techniques, i.e. to assess coverage. They are then
used to design additional tests with the aim of increasing the test coverage.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What is test coverage?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test coverage measures in some
specific way the amount of testing performed by a set of tests (derived in some
other way, e.g. using specification-based techniques). Wherever we can count
things and can tell whether or not each of those things has been tested by some
test, then we can measure coverage. The basic coverage measure is</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Number
of coverage items exercised</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Coverage =
--------------------------------------------------- x 100%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Total number of coverage items</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">where the 'coverage item' is
whatever we have been able to count and see whether a test has exercised or
used this item.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There is danger in using a
coverage measure. 100% coverage does <i>not </i>mean 100% tested! Coverage
techniques measure only one dimension of a multi-dimensional concept. Two
different test cases may achieve exactly the same coverage but the input data
of one may find an error that the input data of the other doesn't. One drawback
of code coverage measurement is that it measures coverage</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">of what <i>has </i>been
written, i.e. the code itself; it cannot say anything about the software that has
<i>not </i>been written. If a specified function has not been implemented,
specification-based testing techniques will reveal this. If a function was
omitted from the specification, then experience-based techniques may find it.
But structure-based techniques can only look at a structure which is already
there.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How to measure coverage</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For most practical purposes,
coverage measurement is something that requires tool support. However,
knowledge of the steps typically taken to measure coverage is useful in understanding
the relative merits of each technique. Our example assumes an intrusive
coverage measurement tool that alters the code by inserting <b>instrumentation:</b></span></div>
<br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Decide on the structural
element to be used, i.e. the coverage items to be counted.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Count the structural elements
or items.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Instrument the code.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Run the tests for which
coverage measurement is required.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Using the output from the
instrumentation, determine the percentage of elements or items exercised.</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Statement coverage </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Studies and experience in the
industry have indicated that what is considered reasonably thorough black-box
testing may actually achieve only 60% to 75% statement coverage. Typical ad hoc
testing is likely to be around 30% - this leaves 70% of the statements
untested. Different coverage tools may work in slightly different ways, so they
may give different coverage figures for the same set of tests on the same code,
although at 100% coverage they should be the same. We will illustrate the
principles of coverage on code. In order to simplify our examples, we will use
a basic pseudo-code - this is not any specific programming language, but should
be readable and understandable to you, even if you have not done any
programming yourself. For example, consider code below,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">READ A</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">READ B</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I F A>B THEN C = 0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">END IF</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To achieve 100% statement
coverage of this code segment just one test case is required, one which ensures
that variable A contains a value that is greater than the value of variable B,
for example, A = 12 and B = 10. Note that here we are doing structural test <i>design
</i>first, since we are choosing our input values in order ensure statement
coverage.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Statement coverage </span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">is calculated by:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Number of statements exercised</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Statement coverage =
--------------------------------------------- x 100%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Total number of statements</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Decision coverage</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A decision is an IF statement,
a loop control statement (e.g. DO-WHILE or REPEAT-UNTIL), or a CASE statement,
where there are two or more possible exits or outcomes from the statement. With
an IF statement, the exit can either be TRUE or FALSE, depending on the value
of the logical condition that comes after IF. With a loop control statement,
the outcome is either to perform the code within the loop or not - again a True
or False exit. Decision coverage is calculated by:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Number of decision outcomes exercised</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Decision coverage =
-------------------------------------------------------- x 100%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Total number of decision outcomes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Condition Coverage</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Here the coverage depends on
the testing of the Conditional Statements in the program. It mainly
concentrates on the Boolean conditional statements in the program. Eg. IF
(A=B&&A=C). it mainly concentrates on the various possible input
combinations.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Number of conditional outcomes
exercised</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Condition coverage =
-------------------------------------------------------- x 100%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Total number of conditional
outcomes</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-1273210193104851882013-01-16T16:09:00.001+05:302013-06-08T13:52:06.454+05:30Blackbox Testing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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four black box testing techniques we will cover in detail are:</span></div>
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</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Equivalence
partitioning</span><br />
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Boundary value
analysis</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Decision tables</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State transition
testing</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkkAGBMCQvYVCF67gD4slmIb0OblofZUkctibfjqDpjtd0uE9dvKicwHNy2kxLvKb8k2pmApGqN5bDnf_NQ3rYg6pkPemnoxP6ABKaJhGSgapKlev5iAUZsXo0fc_D9Ml6AfvnzAP6gVs/s1600/Blackbox.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkkAGBMCQvYVCF67gD4slmIb0OblofZUkctibfjqDpjtd0uE9dvKicwHNy2kxLvKb8k2pmApGqN5bDnf_NQ3rYg6pkPemnoxP6ABKaJhGSgapKlev5iAUZsXo0fc_D9Ml6AfvnzAP6gVs/s400/Blackbox.jpg" title="blackbox" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Equivalence Partitioning</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Here
the basic idea behind using the equivalence partition is that instead of
checking the various possible inputs we will divide the set of inputs as Valid
and Invalid. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Valid</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">-All
Inputs grouped as valid are the ones which will be accepted by the software or
the ones which will work.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Invalid</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">-It
is completely opposite to the Valid, it means all inputs that are not allowed
or invalid are categorized.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Equivalence
partitions </span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">are also known as
equivalence classes - the two terms mean exactly the same thing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
equivalence-partitioning technique then requires that we need test only one
condition from each partition. This is because we are assuming that all the
conditions in one partition will be treated in the same way by the software. If
one condition in a partition works, we assume all of the conditions in that
partition will work, and so there is little point in testing any of these
others. Conversely, if one of the conditions in a partition does not work, then
we assume that none of the conditions in that partition will work so again
there is little point in testing any more in that partition.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For
example, Let’s assume we are testing a Numeric box which will accept data(I/P)
only from 1 to 100(Including 1 and 100). In this case let’s derive the
Equivalence partitioning. First the valid input data set is 1to100, also the
invalid or unaccepted set of inputs are any value less than 1 and greater than
100. Lets form the Equivalence partition for the same.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This
illustrates a very important task of the tester – not only do we test what is
in our specification, but we also think about things that haven't been
specified. In this case we have thought of the situation where the Input is
less than zero. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">So
for the Equivalence partitioning we will take one Input from each partition,
then the resultant test cases for this method are</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test
Case1= -12</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test
Case2=15</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test Case3=105</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi67T-5FAr4F-wSZNo7g5f9k1lbWcsvzcAzY-rs2PS2doe4c1uLycsvGRpyR5SBxOgmaOAfr7anXk3Bx-iAzwIUkQn-cJCPYWMpW17prkK_BgEDpALtCFfu2befRnLsh_ryS21iO4qPT_k/s1600/Equivalence-Partitioning.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi67T-5FAr4F-wSZNo7g5f9k1lbWcsvzcAzY-rs2PS2doe4c1uLycsvGRpyR5SBxOgmaOAfr7anXk3Bx-iAzwIUkQn-cJCPYWMpW17prkK_BgEDpALtCFfu2befRnLsh_ryS21iO4qPT_k/s400/Equivalence-Partitioning.jpg" title="equivalence partition" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Boundary value analysis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Boundary
value analysis </span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(BVA) is based on
testing at the boundaries between partitions. If you have ever done 'range checking',
you were probably using the boundary value analysis technique, even if you
weren't aware of it. Note that we have both valid boundaries (in the valid
partitions) and invalid boundaries (in the invalid partitions).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As
an example, consider a printer that has an input option of the number of copies
to be made, from 1 to 100. To apply boundary value analysis, we will take the
minimum and maximum (boundary) values from the valid partition (1 and 100 in
this case) together with copies to be made, from 1 to 100. The first or last
value respectively in each of the invalid partitions adjacent to the valid
partition (0 and 101 in this case). In this example we would have three
equivalence partitioning tests (one from each of the three partitions) and four
boundary value tests. So the Test cases are,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test
Case1=0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test
Case1=1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test
Case1=100</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test
Case1=101</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test
Case1= -12</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test
Case1=15</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test
Case1=105</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEpkFx7gfmIfhiVY4BjHFBXmaej1zrbzF3YMUgbQATsME3S18e05olEfoztUP-JH3wQz0iNofnzICbHF7QdzTyrtIhJGVPDRlDBSCuZEYS86QiBUH5Z9om6YVFJh5paFYNqgV43gyE1oU/s1600/BVA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEpkFx7gfmIfhiVY4BjHFBXmaej1zrbzF3YMUgbQATsME3S18e05olEfoztUP-JH3wQz0iNofnzICbHF7QdzTyrtIhJGVPDRlDBSCuZEYS86QiBUH5Z9om6YVFJh5paFYNqgV43gyE1oU/s400/BVA.jpg" title="boundary value-bva" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Decision
table testing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the above discussed methods there is no check
point to handle if the inputs are given in combinations. So it is not good to
use Equivalence Partition and BVA for Combination of inputs. </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A <b>decision table </b>is a good way to deal with
combinations of things (e.g. inputs). This technique is sometimes also referred
to as a 'cause-effect' table. The reason for this is that there is an
associated logic diagramming technique called 'cause-effect graphing' which was
sometimes used to help derive the decision table.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cause-A
Cause is nothing but the Input given to the Software or to the function.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Effect-A
effect is nothing but the output.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If
you begin using decision tables to explore what the business rules are that
should be tested, you may find that the analysts and developers find the tables
very helpful and want to begin using them too. Do encourage this, as it will
make your job easier in the future. Decision tables provide a systematic way of
stating complex business rules, which is useful for developers as well as for testers.
Decision tables can be used in test design whether or not they are used in
specifications, as they help testers explore the effects of combinations of
different inputs and other software states that must correctly implement
business rules. Helping the developers do a better job can also lead to better
relationships with them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Testing
combinations can be a challenge, as the number of combinations can often be
huge. Testing all combinations may be impractical if not impossible. We have to
be satisfied with testing just a small subset of combinations but making the
choice of which combinations to test and which to leave out is not trivial. If
you do not have a systematic way of selecting combinations, an arbitrary subset
will be used and this may well result in an ineffective test effort.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Let's
look at an example. If you are a new customer opening a credit card account,
you will get a 15% discount on all your purchases today. If you are an existing
customer and you hold a loyalty card, you get a 10% discount. If you have a
coupon, you can get 20% off today (but it can't be used with the 'new customer'
discount). Discount amounts are added, if applicable. This is shown below</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State transition testing</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State
transition testing </span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">is used where some
aspect of the system can be described in what is called a 'finite state
machine'. In simple words it can be called as a flow chart or representing the
process flow graphically. This simply means that the system can be in a
(finite) number of different states, and the transitions from one state to
another are determined by the rules of the 'machine'. This is the model on
which the system and the tests are based. Any system where you get a different
output for the same input, depending on what has happened before, is a finite
state system. A finite state system is often shown as a <b>state diagram.</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> states that the software may occupy (open/closed or
funded/insufficient funds);</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The transitions from one state to another (not all
transitions are allowed);</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The events that cause a transition (closing a file or
withdrawing money);</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The actions that result from a transition (an error
message or being given your cash).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Note
that in any given state, one event can cause only one action, but that the same
event - from a different state - may cause a different action and a different
end state.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Note
that a transition does not need to change to a different state (although all of
the transitions shown above do go to a different state). So there could be a
transition from 'access account' which just goes back to 'access account' for
an action such as 'request balance'. Test conditions can be derived from the
state graph in various ways. Each state can be noted as a test condition, as
can each transition. In the Syllabus, we need to be able to identify the
coverage of a set of tests in terms of transitions.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb9-m5b8Z32OuJy-KOlTpKfDWpr8zZGQd4y3t3j_lUTLnmxBfmG1_hu__TjIon_3FUrL9xIhgy01bEm-9MrcMVxxAYjhnlsUOYJ5NCom8jS3tn0M8xagvSeH3ZzPsi0xQAg7_0W6mW4Kw/s1600/State-Transition.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb9-m5b8Z32OuJy-KOlTpKfDWpr8zZGQd4y3t3j_lUTLnmxBfmG1_hu__TjIon_3FUrL9xIhgy01bEm-9MrcMVxxAYjhnlsUOYJ5NCom8jS3tn0M8xagvSeH3ZzPsi0xQAg7_0W6mW4Kw/s400/State-Transition.jpg" title="state transition" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Use case testing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Use
case testing </span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">is a technique that
helps us identify test cases that exercise the whole system on a transaction by
transaction basis from start to finish.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A
use case is a description of a particular use of the system by an actor (a user
of the system). Each use case describes the interactions the actor has with the
system in order to achieve a specific task (or, at least, produce something of
value to the user). Actors are generally people but they may also be other
systems. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Use
cases are a sequence of steps that describe the interactions between the actor
and the system. Use cases are defined in terms of the actor, not the system,
describing what the actor does and what the actor sees rather than what inputs
the system expects and what the system outputs. They often use the language and
terms of the business rather than technical terms, especially when the actor is
a business user. They serve as the foundation for developing test cases mostly
at the system and acceptance testing levels. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Use
cases can uncover integration defects, that is, defects caused by the incorrect
interaction between different components. Used in this way, the actor may be
something that the system interfaces to such as a communication link or
sub-system. Use cases describe the process flows through a system based on its
most likely use. This makes the test cases derived from use cases particularly
good for finding defects in the real-world use of the system (i.e. the defects
that the users are most likely to come across when first using the system).
Each use case usually has a mainstream (or most likely) scenario and sometimes
additional alternative branches (covering, for example, special cases or
exceptional conditions).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-185132256911323542013-01-16T16:02:00.003+05:302013-01-16T16:34:10.193+05:30IEEE Standards<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-21831106900754316032013-01-16T16:01:00.000+05:302013-01-16T16:35:30.185+05:30Test Development process/STLC<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When starting a test we have
to consider various things like what are we testing? How are we testing? Etc.,
the three key things that are used to define the above mentioned criteria are</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test Conditions</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test cases</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test scripts</span>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Basically all the above are
documented in some way or other for our reference and understanding.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test conditions are documented in a Test Design
Specification.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test cases are documented in a Test Case
Specification.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test procedures are documented in a Test Procedure
Specification.</span>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> There
may be various levels of formal documentation procedures are involved. In a
well organized formal testing all activities are documented and tracked. The bugs’
wills be recorded and referred for future reference. It also includes the exact
inputs and outputs of the test activity which was carried out. Most of the
organization will have very formal test documentation procedures to keep track
on the testing activities. The formalities level is influenced by the
organization nature, and the time for completion of the project.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There
can be other way to define or describe the STLC which is most commonly followed
by all.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test Strategy</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test Plan</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test Design</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test Execution</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test Reports/Results</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
categorization may vary but the theme remains same which is discussed below.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Identifying
Test Conditions</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">test condition </span>is simply something that we could test. If we are
looking to measure coverage of code decisions, then the test basis would be the
code itself, and the list of test conditions would be the decision outcomes.
Test analysis is the process of looking at something that can be used to derive
Test information. It could be a system requirement, a technical specification,
the code itself (for structural testing), or a business process. Sometimes
tests can be based on an experienced user's knowledge of the system, which may
not be documented.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When identifying test
conditions, we want to identify as many as we can, and then we will start being
selective about which ones to take forward to develop in more detail and
combine into test cases. We could call them 'test possibilities'. The test
conditions that are chosen will depend on the test strategy or detailed test
approach. Test conditions should be able to be linked back to their sources in
the test basis - this is called <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">traceability.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Traceability can be either
horizontal through all the test documentation for a given test level (e.g.
system testing, from test conditions through test cases to test scripts) or
vertical through the layers of development documentation (e.g. from
requirements to components).</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test
Cases Specifications/Test Design</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A test case is something
which is used to carry out tests so that it will cover the entire functionality
of the code and the software characteristics being tested. A test case usually
covers all the possible outcomes and functions of the software.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Say for example, if a text
box is under test whose property is only to accept only text input. For this
test the typical tests will be carried by entering the text value to check if
it is accepting the value and any character or number to find if it is
rejecting the input. Here the test cases that can be used are </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Case 1: Input=123</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Case 2:
Input=ABC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Case 3:
Input=1B3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Case 4:
Input=@#$</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Case 5:
Input=! %A</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">So all the five test cases
will check the validation of the data and cover all the possible and unexpected
input to the textbox. Here the specification or identifying the appropriate
test cases is essential so that the minimal no of tests can be carried out.
Also the test case should have expected outcome for the input values that are
used for the test case so that we could manage the test pass/fail criteria for
the specific product.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In addition to the expected
results, the test case also specifies the environment and other things that
must be in place before the test can be run (the preconditions) and any things
that should apply after the test completes (the post conditions).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Test Script and
implementation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The test cases are to be
grouped in a sensible way for executing them and to specify the sequential
steps that need to be done to run the test. For example, a set of simple tests
that cover the breadth of the system may form a regression suite, or all of the
tests that explore the working of a given functionality or feature in depth may
be grouped to be run together. Some test cases may need to be run in a
particular sequence. For example, a test may create a new customer record,
amend that newly created record and then delete it. These tests need to be run
in the correct order, or they won't test what they are meant to test.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The document that describes
the steps to be taken in running a set of tests (and specifies the executable
order of the tests) is called a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">test
procedure </span>in IEEE 829, and is often also referred to as a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">test script. </span>It could be called a
manual test script for tests that are intended to be run manually rather than
using a test execution tool. Test script is also used to describe the
instructions to a test execution tool. An automation script is written in a
programming language that the tool can interpret.</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-1758372812455617592013-01-16T16:00:00.000+05:302013-01-16T16:36:31.447+05:30Static Testing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-bidi-language:EN-US;}
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<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A common question that arise
when Static testing technique comes into picture. “How come a code will be
evaluated without executing it?” This can be done by manual examination of the
software product and requirements or can be done by some tools. The most
commonly followed procedure for the static testing technique is “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Review process</b>”. The various advantages
of the review process in static testing are,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Since static testing can start early in the
life cycle, early feedback on quality issues can be established, e.g. an early
validation of user requirements and not just late in the life cycle during
acceptance testing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">By detecting defects at an early stage, rework
costs are most often relatively low and thus a relatively cheap improvement of
the quality of software products can be achieved.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Since rework effort is substantially reduced,
development productivity figures are likely to increase.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The evaluation by a team has the additional
advantage that there is an exchange of information between the participants.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Static tests contribute to an increased
awareness of quality issues.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
Review Process</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Reviews are commonly
classified as formal or informal. In case of a formal review a large number of
members from the company will involve and happens in a most formal way. All the
problems identified here will be documented and preserved for fixing the
issues.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">An informal review is
undocumented and will happen between colleagues during the initial stages of
the development of the code or program. Here the review can be conducted from a
small team with members counting from one or two. As it is of not much
importance in the testing process we will look into the formal review process
in detail.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Phases
of the formal Review</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There are various steps in the review process which are,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Planning</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kick-off</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Preparation</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Review meeting</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rework</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Follow-up</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Planning</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The review process begins
with a request for review by the moderator or the author of the document being
reviewed. A moderator is often assigned to take care of the scheduling of the
review. Usually the document that is being reviewed will be “Entry checked” in
order to avoid waste of time. This is because the document with too many mistakes
is not ready for review and it will not waste the time for reviewers and author
to review on an incomplete document.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Few other entry criteria
rules that can be found in a good document review are,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A short check of a product sample by the moderator (or
expert) does not reveal a large number of major defects. For example, after 30
minutes of checking, no more than 3 major defects are found on a single page or
fewer than 10 major defects in total in a set of 5 pages.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The document to be reviewed is available with line
numbers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The document has been cleaned up by running any automated
checks that apply.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">References needed for the inspection are stable and
available.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The document author is prepared to join the review
team and feels confident with the quality of the document.</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The review team usually
consists of four to six participants including the moderator and the author. To
improve the effectiveness of the review the moderator will assign the tasks to
each participant. The various focuses in the review will be as follows,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Focus on higher-level documents, e.g. does the design
comply to the requirements;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Focus on standards, e.g. internal consistency,
clarity, naming conventions, templates;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Focus on related documents at the same level, e.g.
interfaces between software functions;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Focus on usage, e.g. for testability or maintainability.</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kick-off</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kick-off is an optional step
in the review process, in this phase the objective and the plans of the reviews
and the other details are discussed. This is usually not carried out in the
review process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Preparation</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The participants work
individually for the document under review and identify defects and other
questions or comments about the project. In this step the documented is viewed
end to end for any faults or errors and all defects are recorded and mentioned
it to the author at the end for corrections and fixing of defects. The speed of
the preparation phase is termed as per the number of pages being checked and
this is called checking rate.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Review Meeting</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The review meeting has three
phases Logging, Discussion and Decision Phase. In each phase the various
critical decisions about the reviews are carried out. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">During
the logging phase the issues, e.g. defects, that have been identified during
the preparation are mentioned page by page, reviewer by reviewer and are logged
either by the author or by a scribe. A separate person to do the logging (a
scribe) is especially useful for formal review types such as an inspection. To
ensure progress and efficiency, no real discussion is allowed during the logging
phase. If an issue needs discussion, the item is logged and then handled in the
discussion phase. A detailed discussion on whether or not an issue is a defect
is not very meaningful, as it is much more efficient to simply log it and
proceed to the next one. Furthermore, in spite of the opinion of the team, a
discussed and discarded defect may well turn out to be a real one during
rework.</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>During the logging phase the focus
is on logging as many defects as possible within a certain timeframe. To ensure
this, the moderator tries to keep a good logging rate (number of defects logged
per minute). In a well-led and disciplined formal review meeting, the logging
rate should be between one and two defects logged per minute.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A
decision on the document under review has to be made by the participants,
sometimes based on formal <b>exit criteria. </b>The most important exit
criterion is the average number of critical and/or major defects found per page
(e.g. no more than three critical/major defects per page). If the number of
defects found per page exceeds a certain level, the document must be reviewed
again, after it has been reworked. If the document complies with the exit
criteria, the document will be checked during follow-up by the moderator or one
or more participants. Subsequently, the document can leave the review process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rework</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Based on the defects detected, the author will improve
the document under review step by step. Not every defect that is found leads to
rework. It is the author's responsibility to judge if a defect has to be fixed.
If nothing is done about an issue for a certain reason, it should be reported
to at least indicate that the author has considered the issue.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Follow-up</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The moderator is responsible for ensuring that
satisfactory actions have been taken on all (logged) defects, process improvement
suggestions and change requests. Although the moderator checks to make sure
that the author has taken action on all known defects, it is not necessary for
the moderator to check all the corrections in detail. If it is decided that all
participants will check the updated document, the moderator takes care of the
distribution and collects the feedback. For more formal review types the
moderator checks for compliance to the exit criteria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Types
of Review</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A document under review is subject to various types of
reviews depending on the nature of the project. A document can go through an
informal review and then it can be subject to technical review. So the main aim
is to find out the defects of the product but it may take several ways to
achieve the same results. Let’s examine various types of reviews carried in an
organization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Walkthrough</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the walkthrough process the author will guide the
participating people through clear understanding of the document and makes them
to achieve a common understanding and to gather feedback. This mode is adopted
when the participants are from other domains apart from the software domain.
The author will explain the content of the document in a step by step manner to
reach the participants.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Within a walkthrough
the author does most of the preparation. The participants, who are selected
from different departments and backgrounds, are not required to do a detailed
study of the documents in advance. Because of the way the meeting is
structured, a large number of people can participate and this larger audience
can bring a great number of diverse viewpoints regarding the contents of the
document being reviewed as well as serving an educational purpose. If the
audience represents a broad cross-section of skills and disciplines, it can
give assurance that no major defects are 'missed' in the walkthrough. A
walkthrough is especially useful for higher-level documents, such as
requirement specifications and architectural documents.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In
general the following goals can be applicable:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To present the
document to stakeholders both within and outside the soft ware discipline, in
order to gather information regarding the topic under documentation;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To explain (knowledge
transfer) and evaluate the contents of the document;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To establish a common
understanding of the document;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To examine and discuss
the validity of proposed solutions and the viability of alternatives, establishing
consensus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Key
characteristics of walkthroughs are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The meeting is led by
the authors; often a separate scribe is present.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Scenarios and dry runs
may be used to validate the content.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Separate pre-meeting
preparation for reviewers is optional.</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Technical review</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A <b>technical
review </b>is a discussion meeting that focuses on achieving consensus about
the technical content of a document. Compared to inspections, technical reviews
are less formal and there is little or no focus on defect identification on the
basis of referenced documents, intended readership and rules. During technical
reviews defects are found by experts, who focus on the content of the document.
The experts that are needed for a technical review are, for example,
architects, chief designers and key users. In practice, technical reviews vary
from quite informal to very formal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
goals of a technical review are to:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Assess the value of
technical concepts and alternatives in the product and project environment;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Establish consistency
in the use and representation of technical concepts;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ensure, at an early
stage, that technical concepts are used correctly;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Inform participants of
the technical content of the document.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Key
characteristics of a technical review are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is a documented
defect-detection process that involves peers and technical experts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is often performed
as a peer review without management participation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ideally it is led by a
trained moderator, but possibly also by a technical expert.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A separate preparation
is carried out during which the product is examined and the defects are found.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">More formal
characteristics such as the use of checklists and a logging list or issue log
are optional.</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Inspection</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Inspection </span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">is the most formal review type. The document under
inspection is prepared and checked thoroughly by the reviewers before the
meeting, comparing the work product with its sources and other referenced
documents, and using rules and checklists. In the inspection meeting the
defects found are logged and any discussion is postponed until the discussion
phase. This makes the inspection meeting a very efficient meeting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The reason for carrying out inspections
can be explained by using Weinberg's concept of egoless engineering Weinberg
refers to the human tendency to self-justify actions. Since we tend not to see
evidence that conflicts with our strong beliefs, our ability to find errors in
our own work is impaired. Because of this tendency, many engineering
organizations have established independent test groups that specialize in
finding defects. Similar principles have led to the introduction of inspections
and reviews in general.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
generally accepted goals of inspection are to</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Help the author to
improve the quality of the document under inspection</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Remove defects efficiently,
as early as possible</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Improve product
quality, by producing documents with a higher level of quality</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Create a common
understanding by exchanging information among the inspection participants</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Train new employees in
the organization's development process</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Learn from defects
found and improve processes in order to prevent recurrence of similar defects</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sample a few pages or
sections from a larger document in order to measure the typical quality of the
document, leading to improved work by individuals in the future, and to process
improvements.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Key
characteristics of an inspection are</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is usually led by a
trained moderator (certainly not by the author).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It uses defined roles
during the process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It involves peers to
examine the product.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rules and checklists
are used during the preparation phase.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A separate preparation
is carried out during which the product is examined and the defects are found.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The defects found are
documented in a logging list or issue log.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A formal follow-up is
carried out by the moderator applying exit criteria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Optionally, a causal
analysis step is introduced to address process improvement issues and learn
from the defects found.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Metrics are gathered
and analyzed to optimize the process.</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-7368953419666037222013-01-16T15:52:00.004+05:302013-06-08T13:49:14.824+05:30Types Of Testing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">With the testing concept in
mind the techniques have to be selected wisely depend upon the requirement or
the software being tested. In context of testing process the techniques can be
divided into two broad categories as “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Static
and Dynamic</b>” where they have various techniques under them.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Both of them are meant to
find the defects and defaults in the software in their own way but they are not
alternatives for each other because the characteristic varies widely. In static
method the testing process is carried out without executing the code but in the
case of dynamic the code will be thoroughly executed and the faults are
identified. Both of them are complementary methods as they tend to find
different types of defects effectively and efficiently.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Structure-based
(white-box) testing techniques</span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Structure-based testing
techniques (which are also dynamic rather than static) use the internal
structure of the software to derive test cases. They are commonly called <b>'white-box'
</b>or 'glass-box' techniques (implying you can see into the system) since they
require knowledge of how the software is implemented, that is, how it works.
For example, a structural technique may be concerned with exercising loops in
the software. Different test cases may be derived to exercise the loop once,
twice, and many times. This may be done regardless of the functionality of the
software.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Specification-based
(black-box) testing techniques</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The first of the dynamic testing
techniques we will look at are the specification based testing techniques.
These are also known as <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">'black-box' </span>or
input/output driven testing techniques because they view the software as a
black-box with inputs and outputs, but they have no knowledge of how the system
or component is structured inside the box. In essence, the tester is
concentrating on what the software does, not how it does it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Experience-based
testing techniques</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">experience-based techniques, </span>people's knowledge, skills and
background are a prime contributor to the test conditions and test cases. The
experience of both technical and business people is important, as they bring
different perspectives to the test analysis and design process. Due to previous
experience with similar systems, they may have insights into what could go
wrong, which is very useful for testing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Where to apply the
different categories of techniques</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Specification-based techniques
are appropriate at all levels of testing (component testing through to
acceptance testing) where a specification exists. When performing system or
acceptance testing, the requirements specification or functional specification
may form the basis of the tests. When performing component or integration
testing, a design document or low-level specification Forms the basis of the
tests.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Structure-based techniques can
also be used at all levels of testing. Developers use structure-based
techniques in component testing and component integration testing, especially
where there is good tool support for code coverage. Structure-based techniques
are also used in system and acceptance testing, but the structures are
different. For example, the coverage of menu options or major business
transactions could be the structural element in system or acceptance testing.</span></div>
</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicKA8hgP5EY40BdVeZwgYjVcg0q5V7jn-sMbPqHvNtIi96X2-pKOOXwkuDZwVRxiABfPcoeiTBohsV0LY3RNa0fF_lihR2tBY5os6GoeLFakowYXUpS2M7UyxfIoDEk-fUA0NrzyiBiwI/s1600/Testing-Types.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicKA8hgP5EY40BdVeZwgYjVcg0q5V7jn-sMbPqHvNtIi96X2-pKOOXwkuDZwVRxiABfPcoeiTBohsV0LY3RNa0fF_lihR2tBY5os6GoeLFakowYXUpS2M7UyxfIoDEk-fUA0NrzyiBiwI/s320/Testing-Types.jpg" title="testing types" width="308" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Functional Testing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
function of a system (or component) is 'what it does'. This is typically described
in a requirements specification, a functional specification, or in use cases.
There may be some functions that are 'assumed' to be provided those are not
documented that are also part of the requirement for a system, though it is
difficult to test against undocumented and implicit requirements. Functional
tests are based on these functions, described in SRS documents or understood by
the testers and may be performed at all test levels (e.g. test for components
may be based on a component specification).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Functional testing<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">considers the specified behavior and is often also referred
to as <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">black-box testing.<b> </b></span>This
is not entirely true, since black-box testing also includes non-functional
testing. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Functional testing<b> </b></span>can
be done focusing on suitability, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">interoperability,
security,<b> </b></span>accuracy and compliance. Security testing, for example,
investigates the functions (e.g. a firewall) relating to detection of threats,
such as viruses, from malicious outsiders. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Testing
functionality can be done from two perspectives: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Requirements-based
</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Business-process-based.
</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Requirements-based
testing uses a specification of the functional requirements for the system as
the basis for designing tests. A good way to start is to use the table of
contents of the requirements specification as an initial test inventory or list
of items to test (or not to test). We should also prioritize the requirements
based on risk criteria (if this is not already done in the specification) and
use this to prioritize the tests. This will ensure that the most important and
most critical tests are included in the testing effort. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Business-process-based
testing uses knowledge of the business processes. Business processes describe
the scenarios involved in the day-to-day business use of the system. Use cases
originate from object-oriented development, but are nowadays popular in many
development life cycles. They also take the business processes as a starting
point, although they start from tasks to be performed by users. Use cases are a
very useful basis for test cases from a business perspective. The techniques
used for functional testing are often <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">specification-based,<b>
</b></span>but experienced-based techniques can also be used. Test conditions
and test cases are derived from the functionality of the component or system.
As part of test designing, a model may be developed, such as a process model,
state transition model or a plain-language specification.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Non-Functional
Testing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A second
target for testing is the testing of the quality characteristics, or
nonfunctional attributes of the system (or component or integration group).
Here we are interested in how well or how fast something is done. We are
testing something that we need to measure on a scale of measurement, for
example time to respond.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Non-functional
testing, as functional testing, is performed at all test levels. Non-functional
testing includes, but is not limited to, <b>performance testing, load testing,
stress testing, </b>usability testing, maintainability testing, reliability
testing and portability testing. It is the testing of 'how well' the system
works. Many have tried to capture software quality in a collection of
characteristics and related sub-characteristics. In these models some
elementary characteristics keep on reappearing, although their place in the
hierarchy can differ. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
characteristics and their sub-characteristics are, respectively:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Functionality</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: This consists of five
sub-characteristics: suitability, accuracy, security, interoperability and
compliance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efficiency:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is divided into time behavior
(performance), resource utilization and compliance;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Portability:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This also consists of five
sub-characteristics: adaptability, installability, co-existence, replaceability
and compliance.<b> </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reliability</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: further into the sub-characteristics
maturity (robustness), fault-tolerance, recoverability and compliance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usability:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This is classified into the
sub-characteristics understandability, learnability, operability,
attractiveness and compliance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maintainability:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> consists of five sub-characteristics:
analyzability, changeability, stability, testability and compliance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Structural
Testing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The third
target of testing is the structure of the system or component. If we are
talking about the structure of a system, we may call it the system
architecture. Structural testing is often referred to as <b>'white-box' </b>or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">'glass-box'</b> because we are interested
in what is happening 'inside the box'.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Structural
testing is most often used as a way of measuring the thoroughness of testing
through the coverage of a set of structural elements or coverage items. It can
occur at any test level, although is it true to say that it tends to be mostly
applied at component and integration and generally is less likely at higher
test levels, except for business-process testing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At
component integration level it may be based on the architecture of the system,
such as a calling hierarchy. A system, system integration or acceptance testing
test basis could be a business model or menu structure. At component level, and
to a lesser extent at component integration testing, there is good tool support
to measure <b>code coverage. </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coverage
measurement tools assess the percentage of executable elements (e.g. statements
or decision outcomes) that have been exercised by a <b>test suite. </b>If
coverage is not 100%, then additional tests may need to be written and run to
cover those parts that have not yet been exercised. This of course depends on
the exit criteria. The techniques used for structural testing are
structure-based techniques, also referred to as <b>white-box techniques. </b>Control
flow models are often used to support structural testing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Confirmation
and regression testing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The final
target of testing is the testing of changes. This category is slightly
different to the others because if you have made a change to the software, you
will have changed the way it functions, the way it performs (or both) and its
structure. However we are looking here at the specific types of tests relating
to changes, even though they may include all of the other test types.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Confirmation
testing or re-testing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When a
test fails and we determine that the cause of the failure is a software defect,
the defect is reported, and we can expect a new version of the software that
has had the defect fixed. In this case we will need to execute the test again
to confirm that the defect has indeed been fixed. This is known as <b>confirmation
testing</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When doing
confirmation testing, it is important to ensure that the test is executed in
exactly the same way as it was the first time, using the same inputs, data and
environment. If the test now passes does this mean that the software is now
correct? Well, we now know that at least one part of the software is correct -
where the defect was. But this is not enough. The fix may have introduced or
uncovered a different defect elsewhere in the software. The way to detect these
'unexpected side-effects' of fixes is to do regression testing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Regression
testing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Like
confirmation testing, regression testing involves executing test cases that
have been executed before. The difference is that, for regression testing, the
test cases probably passed the last time they were executed (compare this with
the test cases executed in confirmation testing - they failed the last time).
The term <b>'regression testing' </b>is something of a misnomer. More
specifically, the purpose of regression testing is to verify that modifications
in the software or the environment have not caused unintended adverse side
effects and that the system still meets its requirements. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is
common for organizations to have what is usually called a regression test suite
or regression test pack. This is a set of test cases that is specifically used
for regression testing. They are designed to collectively exercise most
functions (certainly the most important ones) in a system but not test any one
in detail. It is appropriate to have a regression test suite at every level of
testing (component testing, integration testing, system testing, etc.). All of
the test cases in a regression test suite would be executed every time a new
version of software is produced and this makes them ideal candidates for <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">automation<b>. </b></span>If the regression
test suite is very large it may be more appropriate to select a subset for
execution. Regression tests are executed whenever the software changes, either
as a result of fixes or new or changed functionality. It is also a good idea to
execute them when some aspect of the environment changes, for example when a
new version of a database management system is introduced or a new version of a
source code compiler is used.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maintenance Testing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After the
completion of the testing and other activities the system will be launched for
live use in the operational environment and the testing done during this phase
is called maintenance testing. There is plenty of difference between
“maintenance testing” and “maintainability testing”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
maintenance test begins on the receipt of the application for the change. The
test manager then formulates the test plan for the maintenance or change for
the particular software. The test cases are specified or adopted based on the
changes requested. Upon the receipt of the test objects the new and modified
tests and the regression tests are executed and the test ware is preserved once
maintenance is complete.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One aspect
which, in many cases, differs somewhat from the development situation is the
test organization. New development and their appropriate test activities are
usually carried out as parts of a project, whereas maintenance tests are
normally executed as an activity in the regular organization. As a result,
there is often some lack of resources and flexibility, and the test process may
experience more competition from other activities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Impact analysis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A major
and important activity within maintenance testing is impact analysis. During <b>impact
analysis, </b>together with stakeholders, a decision is made on what parts of
the system may be unintentionally affected and therefore need careful
regression testing. Risk analysis will help to decide where to focus regression
testing - it is unlikely that the team will have time to repeat all the
existing tests.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The two
levels of maintenance testing are,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Testing
the changes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Regression tests to show that the rest of the system has not been affected by
the maintenance work.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reasons
for carrying out maintenance testing</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most often
maintenance tests are carried in existing operating systems when there are some
modifications or changes are to be made based on the needs of the users or
stake holders. Most often the maintenance testing comes into picture when there
is modifications based on the below two categories.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modifications
as per requirements</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ad-hoc
modifications</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modifications
as per requirements:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
modifications that are pre planned can be classified as follows,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Enhancing
the software as per customer needs, by adding new features and functions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Changes
that are required based on the operative environment and the level of ease of
access to users.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
correction measures for the fixing of defects that are identified during the testing
phase.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ad-hoc corrective modifications</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These types
of modifications are usually carried out when there is an emergency fix
required for the software. Although we have tested the software at different
levels due to some unavoidable circumstances the software might not work or it
will crash. So in order to make this failure work the emergency fixes are
required. At this point the crash will be fixed and the correction measures are
taken to avoid it in future. The risk factor is also considered in this case to
avoid any future failures.</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-3982149810360502032013-01-16T15:50:00.000+05:302013-02-10T10:59:59.967+05:30Testing Levels<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The various test levels in the software testing are as
follows</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Component
testing</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Integration
Testing</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">System
testing</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Acceptance
testing</span>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The major advantage of this test level testing is to ensure
that the various product (Software) defects are rightly identified and fixed at
a quicker time during the development phase itself. The test levels make the
testing activity more efficient and effective one.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Component Testing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Component testing is also called as Unit/Module testing. It
identifies the defects and verifies the functioning of the software for the
components that are separately testable. Typically a Component can be defined
as a smallest of the Software, like a User name field for e-Mail system. The
component testing can be done separately from the software that is being
developed depending on the system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Component testing is usually carried out in the development
environment by using appropriate tools for the test. Most often the programmer
will be involved in the component testing, but depending on the risk factor an
independent programmer may be involved to carry the testing of the code. Here
incidents are not reported formally but the code will be fixed as soon as possible.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Integration Testing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As the name defines, Integration tests are usually carried
to check the integration or interface between the components of the software
and interactions between hardware and software components.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> There may be one level of integration
testing and it may be carried out on test objects of varying size. For example,
Component integration testing tests the interactions between software
components and is done after component testing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">System integration testing tests the interactions between
different systems and may be done after system testing. So integration test can
be carried out after any other tests, not necessarily in an order.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are two possibilities that there is increased risk in
integration test, first is when the Components or the systems are integrated
simultaneously as a result, testing needs to be carried at the end of the
integration. Second if the system or components are being integrated one by one
which result in the exhaustive testing and increasing the project completion
time.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
integration test is carried out in following methods depending on the
architecture and the structure of the software being developed; this will vary
from time to time based on the testing module.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Top-down:
testing takes place from top to bottom, following the control flow or
architectural structure (e.g. starting from the GUI or main menu). Components
or systems are substituted by stubs. Stubs are used when the lower level unit
or component is not coded and not ready for testing. The stubs are nothing but
dummy programs which act like the actual component.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bottom-up:
testing takes place from the bottom of the control flow upwards. Components or
systems are substituted by drivers. A driver is nothing but a dummy software
component which is used to replace the high level modules in case if they are
not ready for testing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Functional
incremental: integration and testing takes place on the basis of the functions
or functionality, as documented in the functional specification.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The best
way is to start integration test with those interfaces that are likely to cause
major problems. By following this way it will prevent major defects at the end
of the integration stage. Integration test can be carried out by developers
also but to done as a separate team of specialist integration testers. It can
also be done by group of integrators/developers including non functional
specialists.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. System Testing</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">System
testing is concerned with the behavior of the whole system/product as defined
in the expected or required specifications. System testing is most often the
final test on behalf of development to verify that the system is meeting its
requirements or specifications and its purpose may be to find as many defects
as possible. It is carried out by specialist tester that forms a dedicated and
sometimes independent, test team within development, reporting to the
development or project manager.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">System
testing should investigate both functional and non-functional aspects of the
software being developed. The non-functional testing should include performance
test and reliability tests. In other hand the functional testing includes the
testing aspects of functionality of the software, the appropriate testing
techniques Specification based testing/Structural based technique can be
selected based on the software under test.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">System
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development organization under a controlled environment. The environment will
be similar to that of live environment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Acceptance testing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Acceptance
test is often called as last level of test. Once the software is confirmed
defect free or defects are rectified then acceptance test should be carried
out. The main aim of the test is to ensure that the user requirements are met
and should address the level of confidence about the system to the users. The
acceptance tests should give answers to the following questions,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Is the
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Is the
system designed to meet the requirements?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Is the
system risk free in operation from the customers end?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Acceptance
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modifications are done, also during component testing to find the usability of
the component. Usually the acceptance test is done by end user or the customer
representatives.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Other
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compliance acceptance testing. Contract acceptance testing is performed against
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Acceptance should be formally defined when the contract is agreed. Compliance
acceptance testing or regulation acceptance testing is performed against the
regulations which must be adhered to, such as governmental, legal or safety
regulations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As
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takes place at the developer's site. A cross-section of potential users and
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carried out by an independent test team. Beta testing, or field testing, sends
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-7254562637935460192013-01-16T15:45:00.002+05:302013-06-08T13:47:33.653+05:30SDLC Models<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Several
models exist to streamline the development process. Each one has its own pros
and cons, and it's up to the development team to adopt the most appropriate one
for the project. Sometimes a combination of the models may be more suitable.
Let’s examine few development models.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Waterfall model</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This model is mainly apt for small and relatively easy
software projects. Software companies working according to this model complete
each stage in consecutive order and review its results before proceeding to
another stage, which renders the waterfall model inflexible and unsuitable for
complex long-term software projects.</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The
waterfall model shows a process, where developers are to follow these phases in
order:</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3GC2C3anKvF03gNu_SeMjEY0-uGH7W1CPtDJuDso8dyKzO2IIyLh6_sazm2RcwdLFCXgFKh81xTsppaZXI_oCzKJzhUlTKpsjjth_oZSvnHEgCzzW-mxzz09DkqWmPPqK4uRxULAs8Dw/s1600/Waterfall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3GC2C3anKvF03gNu_SeMjEY0-uGH7W1CPtDJuDso8dyKzO2IIyLh6_sazm2RcwdLFCXgFKh81xTsppaZXI_oCzKJzhUlTKpsjjth_oZSvnHEgCzzW-mxzz09DkqWmPPqK4uRxULAs8Dw/s320/Waterfall.jpg" title="Waterfall model" width="320" /></a></div>
<ol start="1" style="text-align: justify;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Requirements specification (Requirements
analysis)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Software design</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Implementation and Integration</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Testing (or Validation)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Deployment (or Installation)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Maintenance </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">In a strict
Waterfall model, after each phase is finished, it proceeds to the next one.
Reviews may occur before moving to the next phase which allows for the
possibility of changes (which may involve a formal change control process).
Reviews may also be employed to ensure that the phase is indeed complete; the
phase completion criteria are often referred to as a "gate" that the
project must pass through to move to the next phase. Waterfall discourages
revisiting and revising any prior phase once it's complete. This
"inflexibility" in a pure Waterfall model has been a source of
criticism by supporters of other more "flexible" models.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Advantages</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Simple and easy to use.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the
model – each phase has specific deliverables and a review process.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Phases are processed and completed one at a
time.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Works well for smaller projects where
requirements are very well understood.</span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Disadvantages</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Changes in the requirements cannot be
accommodated.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">No working software is produced until late
during the life cycle.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">High amounts of risk and uncertainty.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Poor model for complex and object-oriented
projects.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Poor model for long and ongoing projects.</span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Spiral model</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The essence of this model is in the underscored importance
of a risk-analysis during the development process. The spiral model presupposes
that each stage of the classical waterfall model is divided into several iterations;
each iteration undergoes planning and risk analysis. As a result this model
allows a software company to produce working software after each iterative
stage, while evaluating the risks on an ongoing basis. However, adopting the
spiral model may result in notably higher costs.</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The key
characteristic of a Spiral model is risk management at regular stages in the
development cycle. In 1988, Barry Boehm published a formal software system
development "spiral model," which combines some key aspect of the
waterfall model and rapid prototyping methodologies, but provided emphasis in a
key area many felt had been neglected by other methodologies: deliberate
iterative risk analysis, particularly suited to large-scale complex systems.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The Spiral
is visualized as a process passing through some number of iterations, with the
four quadrant diagram representative of the following activities:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="text-align: justify;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">formulate plans to: identify software targets,
selected to implement the program, clarify the project development
restrictions;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Risk analysis: an analytical assessment of
selected programs, to consider how to identify and eliminate risk;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">the implementation of the project: the
implementation of software development and verification;</span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Risk-driven
spiral model, emphasizing the conditions of options and constraints in order to
support software reuse, software quality can help as a special goal of
integration into the product development. However, the spiral model has some
restrictive conditions, as follows:</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbpscBLdZi8Mu5Oa75kOLW4SNqLyiPJb3JeFYdw60bFpsCyl9LrHUIzX32z9QVq-zKsXRC-hEXdxipMGUBfxBiSaf3DZGoKdV7YDd6kBIq-JitaQNodTjylpiMd3myruBswtKK7bLyMOg/s1600/Spiral_model.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbpscBLdZi8Mu5Oa75kOLW4SNqLyiPJb3JeFYdw60bFpsCyl9LrHUIzX32z9QVq-zKsXRC-hEXdxipMGUBfxBiSaf3DZGoKdV7YDd6kBIq-JitaQNodTjylpiMd3myruBswtKK7bLyMOg/s320/Spiral_model.jpg" title="Spiral Model" width="320" /></a></div>
<ol start="1" style="text-align: justify;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The spiral model emphasizes risk analysis, and
thus requires customers to accept this analysis and act on it. This
requires both trust in the developer as well as the willingness to spend
more to fix the issues, which is the reason why this model is often used
for large-scale internal software development.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">If the implementation of risk analysis will
greatly affect the profits of the project, the spiral model should not be
used.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Software developers have to actively look for
possible risks, and analyze it accurately for the spiral model to work.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The first
stage is to formulate a plan to achieve the objectives with these constraints,
and then strive to find and remove all potential risks through careful analysis
and, if necessary, by constructing a prototype. If some risks cannot be ruled
out, the customer has to decide whether to terminate the project or to ignore
the risks and continue anyway. Finally, the results are evaluated and the
design of the next phase begins.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Advantages</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">High amount of risk analysis</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Good for large and mission-critical projects.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Software is produced early in the software
life cycle.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Disadvantages</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Can be a costly model to use.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Risk analysis requires highly specific
expertise.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Project’s success is highly dependent on the
risk analysis phase.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Doesn’t work well for smaller projects.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Incremental Model or Iterative Model</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">This model is widely used when the software
undergoes many changes during the development phase. Here the changes and the
requirements are added and released as several versions till the actual product
is developed. The product will be delivered in several releases. The difference
is that the product will have additional functionalities in each release. It is
suitable for products which has constant changes in the requirements. The basic
structure is waterfall model. The requirements are freezed at the initial
stages and the changes are accommodated in the next release.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRo_qX9lxVT_7uZtNEQ8KNTWyUYJMeV2mKqGPg5Gh8pp0lbVRV4X0QWPdRTriliCXcoZSqpuJDmLNhXw1ITG8Q084uupSHKCI2xsaeb0J6IbjBP0aZOiCBe7dqfW7xLg-4LKryvh9wvGE/s1600/iterative-model.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRo_qX9lxVT_7uZtNEQ8KNTWyUYJMeV2mKqGPg5Gh8pp0lbVRV4X0QWPdRTriliCXcoZSqpuJDmLNhXw1ITG8Q084uupSHKCI2xsaeb0J6IbjBP0aZOiCBe7dqfW7xLg-4LKryvh9wvGE/s320/iterative-model.jpg" title="IterativeModel" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Agile development</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">This development model adopts the iterative model as a baseline, while
putting an emphasis on the human factor, which is achieved by software team
feedbacks throughout the ongoing development process. In this method the
customer takes part in all the development phase and will give constant
feedback about the software which will help to develop the right product
without any deviation. Upon the satisfaction and approval of the customer the
development moves to the next phase. This is widely followed by companies as
the customer will give constant feedback about the process at various phases.
The model is a cyclic process until the correct product is developed.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixx6q8-hUu7e1SnPiFUnxx0GZG5VnObi2mctHCpLMgAafn3EcDZSbwWibnVNbP6dH0aYfRaT8NNuh36H8KFPn8D8mzsZ_gt9rGVzIbiGKojcdf7QVCfLthutCdwt-pxTNJiemlvxXj2Og/s1600/Agile-Method.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixx6q8-hUu7e1SnPiFUnxx0GZG5VnObi2mctHCpLMgAafn3EcDZSbwWibnVNbP6dH0aYfRaT8NNuh36H8KFPn8D8mzsZ_gt9rGVzIbiGKojcdf7QVCfLthutCdwt-pxTNJiemlvxXj2Og/s320/Agile-Method.jpg" title="Agile Model" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Prototype Model</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">This model is used when the customer himself don’t know what kind of
products he want. Here the company or the solution provider will give some
prototype product to the customer to find if it is the actual product required
by the customer. The initial prototype is developed by the known requirements
and the prototype is enhanced further with the feedback from the customer. Upon
arrival of the satisfied prototype, the prototype is ignored and the
requirements are derived from the prototype and actual product is developed.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdJD6WlTSU2tBUDF48gE7P_edHZzcvYiiSlSPjp0egoudANrHpvBznWlH80iQUJTVmu8ub-h4MLVWOzfNswdON92pLTBaI9Fuyhqqp7_zMubm-uQ2UllU-aOcY0X8fKUxa1ssHbtzHpuI/s1600/prototyping.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdJD6WlTSU2tBUDF48gE7P_edHZzcvYiiSlSPjp0egoudANrHpvBznWlH80iQUJTVmu8ub-h4MLVWOzfNswdON92pLTBaI9Fuyhqqp7_zMubm-uQ2UllU-aOcY0X8fKUxa1ssHbtzHpuI/s320/prototyping.png" title="Prototype" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">V-shaped model</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">This model is similar to the waterfall model, though the main emphasis
is placed on the verification stage and testing, which overlap all the other
stages of the software development lifecycle. Tests are planed starting from the
documentation stage, then throughout integration and coding and after the
actual implementation of a software product testing itself is initiated.
Therefore, the V-shape is formed due to the upward direction of Testing, i.e.
test execution. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Advantages</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Simple and easy to use.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Each phase has specific deliverables.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Higher chance of success over the waterfall
model due to the development of test plans early on during the life cycle.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Works well for small projects where
requirements are easily understood.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Eooec52QnRG_M-9jYxneyB9jBT9kdoPn2mNLgFrWyNRmbeD0zP6DN_HvXUCRfkcAcFXEdIiqICr5Q23a00hohct9FRHuRUd0FqCF5knHO3KKPQCKDsI8zRcxs7xgGocWfOvN1G7ehoU/s1600/V-model.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Eooec52QnRG_M-9jYxneyB9jBT9kdoPn2mNLgFrWyNRmbeD0zP6DN_HvXUCRfkcAcFXEdIiqICr5Q23a00hohct9FRHuRUd0FqCF5knHO3KKPQCKDsI8zRcxs7xgGocWfOvN1G7ehoU/s320/V-model.JPG" title="v-model" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Disadvantages</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Very rigid, like the waterfall model.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Little flexibility and adjusting scope is
difficult and expensive.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Software is developed during the
implementation phase, so no early prototypes of the software are produced.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Model doesn’t provide a clear path for
problems found during testing phases.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The V-Model and the Software Testing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The major drawbacks of the other models are that the testing is not
carried out alongside during the development stages. So the defects and
failures will come up only during the implementation stage or in Live Usage of
the software which is very costly to fix and difficult to identify which part
of the code went wrong.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">In order to overcome this, the V-Model was developed in such a way that
various testing activities are carried out along the development cycle. Please
refer to the figure below,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although
variants of the V-model exist, a common type of V-model uses four <b>test
levels. </b>The four test levels used, each with their own objectives, are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Component testing</b>: Process of testing
the basic building components of the software. Eg. The user name text box in
Login page. Can also be called as Unit testing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• I<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ntegration testing</b>: Process of testing
the interfaces between components, interactions to different parts of a system
such as an operating system, files system and hardware or interfaces between
systems.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">System testing</b>: Concerned with the behavior
of the whole system/product as defined by the scope of a development project or
product. The main focus of system testing is verification against specified
requirements.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Acceptance testing</b>: Testing if the
software is built as per the customer needs. Usually done by the customer or
customer representative. The system will be tested in terms of the business
verticals and how it will be used in the live scenario.</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07721924510300107860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5071929227478265970.post-31072102657405457442013-01-16T12:21:00.000+05:302013-06-08T13:41:57.370+05:30What is Testing?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Testing, in common man terms is termed
as the process to identify if a product is fit and ready to use and if it is
meeting the requirements of the customer. Say for example a bike or any two
wheelers is tested in the factory to check if it is meeting the expectations
before launching in the market for sales.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What
is Software Testing?</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Testing a software is also similar to
the one which is discussed above. It is the “Process of testing the software to
confirm it is defect free and fit to use”. Also it is done to ensure customer’s
requirements are met.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Why
do Software Failures or Crash Occurs?</span></b></span></div>
<div class="Bullet1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When
the software is used incorrectly by the end user it will result in the
malfunction of the software, which results in the failure of the software. </span></span></div>
<div class="Bullet1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When
there is error in the development process of the software itself then it will
have defect and will not work as per the requirements.</span></span></div>
<div class="Bullet1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These
failures are called as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bugs</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Defects</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faults</b>.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Why
do we need Testing?</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">All the softwares are developed to meet
the customer requirements or end user’s needs. Let’s assume if some banking
software in operation is launched without testing, assume that it fails to
operate in a specific mode on a particular day and dissatisfies the customer.</span></span></div>
<div class="Bullet1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Here
the First parameter to be taken into consideration is the Risk involved; in
this case it is very high, even unacceptable as banking is one of the critical
domains with lot of sensitivity around it.</span></span></div>
<div class="Bullet1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Next,
the failure will result in the loss of reputation for the company and also it
will lead to financial loss in terms of fixing the defect and also in terms of
operational losses.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In order to avoid all these problems,
proper testing to be carried even before the product is put into live use.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Phases
in Software testing</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unlike other testing in other products
software testing has various phase beginning from the time the software
development begins. Software testing is not a single activity it is a process.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The various phases of testing can be
roughly given as follows,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Planning</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - Identifying the basic requirements
and outline sketch of the testing to be carried out.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Preparation</span></b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - Here the various base lines for the
testing is defined such as Test design and test cases are derived here.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Evaluation</b> - then the designed test
cases are executed and desired outcomes are identified and evaluated</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Testing
Principles</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The various testing principles are
discussed below,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Testing shows presence of defects</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Testing can show that defects are present, but cannot prove
that there are no defects. Testing reduces the probability of undiscovered
defects remaining in the software but, even if no defects are found, it is not
a proof of correctness.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Exhaustive testing is impossible</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Testing everything (all combinations of inputs and
preconditions) is not feasible except for trivial cases. Instead of exhaustive
testing, we use risks and priorities to focus testing efforts.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Early testing <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Testing activities should start as early as possible in the
software or system development life cycle and should be focused on defined objectives.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Defect clustering <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A small number of modules contain most of the defects
discovered during pre-release testing or show the most operational failures.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesticide paradox <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If the same tests are repeated over and over again,
eventually the same set of test cases will no longer find any new bugs. To
overcome this 'pesticide paradox', the test cases need to be regularly reviewed
and revised, and new and different tests need to be written to exercise
different parts of the software or system to potentially find more defects.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Testing is context dependent <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Testing is done differently in different contexts. For
example, safety-critical software is tested differently from an e-commerce
site.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Absence-of-errors fallacy <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Finding and fixing defects does not help if the system built
is unusable and does not fulfill the users' needs and expectations.</span></span></div>
</div>
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